diff --git a/src/data/live/instances.ts b/src/data/live/instances.ts
index d02d4e4..3b5ce48 100644
--- a/src/data/live/instances.ts
+++ b/src/data/live/instances.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
+import Logging from "@proxnet/undead-logging";
 import Profile from "../profiles.ts";
 
+const log = new Logging("Instances");
+
 enum IntegratedRoomScene {
     Calibration = "f5fbd9c9-e853-4036-9d48-5f68e861af04",
     DormRoom = "76d98498-60a1-430c-ab76-b54a29b7a163",
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ enum IntegratedRoomScene {
     DodgeballVR = "3d474b26-26f7-45e9-9a36-9b02847d5e6f",
 }
 
-interface RoomInstance {
+export interface RoomInstance {
 
     roomInstanceId: number,
     roomId: number,
@@ -67,21 +70,98 @@ interface RoomInstance {
 }
 
 const instancePlayers: Map<RoomInstance, Set<Profile>> = new Map();
+/**
+ * `Map<roomId (number), RoomInstance>`
+ */
 const instanceMap: Map<number, Set<RoomInstance>> = new Map();
 
 class InstancesBase {
 
-    async #ensureSubSet(roomId: number) {
-        const subMap = instanceMap.get(roomId);
-        if (!subMap) instanceMap.set(roomId, new Set());
+    getAllInstances() {
+        return new Set([...instanceMap.values()].flatMap(set => [...set]));
     }
 
-    // get all instances
-    // get all instances for a room
-    // do not put instance categorization here (instance searching, or "matchmaking"); put that in MatchmakingBase
+    getAllRoomInstances(roomId: number) {
+        let instances = instanceMap.get(roomId);
+        if (!instances) {
+            instances = new Set();
+            instanceMap.set(roomId, instances);
+        }
+        return instances;
+    }    
+
+    getInstancePlayers(instance: RoomInstance): Set<Profile> {
+        let players = instancePlayers.get(instance);
+        if (!players) {
+            players = new Set();
+            instancePlayers.set(instance, players);
+        }
+        return players;
+    }
+
+    clearEmptyInstances(instances: Set<RoomInstance>, roomId?: number) {
+        const beforeCount = instances.size;
+        for (const instance of instances) {
+            const profiles = this.getInstancePlayers(instance);
+            if (profiles.size === 0) {
+                log.i(`Instance ${instance.roomInstanceId} empty, deleting`);
+                instancePlayers.delete(instance);
+                this.getAllRoomInstances(instance.roomId).delete(instance);
+            }
+        }
+    
+        const afterCount = instances.size;
+        log.d(`Cleared ${roomId !== undefined ? `room ${roomId}` : 'all'} empty instances.\n  Instances before: ${beforeCount}\n  Instances after: ${afterCount}`);
+    }
+    
+    clearAllEmptyInstances() {
+        this.clearEmptyInstances(this.getAllInstances());
+    }
+    
+    clearAllRoomEmptyInstances(roomId: number) {
+        this.clearEmptyInstances(this.getAllRoomInstances(roomId), roomId);
+    }
+
+    updateGlobalInstancesIsFull() {
+        for (const instance of this.getAllInstances()) {
+            instance.isFull = this.getInstancePlayers(instance).size >= instance.maxCapacity;
+        }
+    }
+
+    updateSingleInstanceIsFull(instance: RoomInstance) {
+        const profiles = this.getInstancePlayers(instance);
+        if (profiles.size >= instance.maxCapacity) instance.isFull = true;
+        else instance.isFull = false;
+    }
+
+    instanceCanFitPlayer(instance: RoomInstance) {
+        return this.getInstancePlayers(instance).size < instance.maxCapacity;
+    }
 
     // add, remove, check for, get profile(s) in instances
     // synchronize profile.#instance with the profile's current instance (profile.setInstance(RoomInstance)?)
+    setPlayerInstance(player: Profile, instance: RoomInstance) {
+        const currentInstance = player.getInstance();
+        if (currentInstance === instance) return;
+    
+        if (currentInstance) {
+            this.getInstancePlayers(currentInstance).delete(player);
+            this.updateSingleInstanceIsFull(currentInstance);
+        }
+    
+        if (this.instanceCanFitPlayer(instance)) {
+            this.getInstancePlayers(instance).add(player);
+            player.setInstance(instance);
+            this.updateSingleInstanceIsFull(instance);
+        } else log.w(`Instance ${instance.roomInstanceId} is full. Cannot add player ${player.getId()}`);
+    }
+
+    playerIsInInstance(player: Profile, instance: RoomInstance) {
+
+        const profiles = this.getInstancePlayers(instance);
+        return profiles.has(player);
+
+    }
 
 }
 
diff --git a/src/data/profiles.ts b/src/data/profiles.ts
index b13c5cf..e5e1c0e 100644
--- a/src/data/profiles.ts
+++ b/src/data/profiles.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Config } from "../config.ts";
 import { AuthType } from "./users.ts";
 import * as JsonWebToken from "@gz/jwt";
 import { TokenBaseFormat } from "../apiutils.ts";
+import { RoomInstance } from "./live/instances.ts";
 
 const config = Config.getConfig();
 
@@ -180,15 +181,25 @@ class Profile {
 
     #id: number;
 
+    #instance: RoomInstance | null = null;
+
     constructor(id: number) {
         this.#id = id;
     }
 
+    setInstance(instance: RoomInstance) {
+        this.#instance = instance;
+    }
+
+    getInstance() {
+        return this.#instance;
+    }
+
     getId() {
         return this.#id;
     }
 
-    async getIsDev() {
+    async getIsOperator() {
         return (await Redis.Database.sismember(Redis.buildKey(Redis.KeyGroups.Operators), this.#id.toString())) >= 1;
     }
 
@@ -203,7 +214,7 @@ class Profile {
         const payload: ProfileTokenFormat = {
             iss: config.web.publichost,
             sub: this.#id,
-            role: (await this.getIsDev()) ? 'developer' : 'user',
+            role: (await this.getIsOperator()) ? 'developer' : 'user',
             exp: Math.round(Date.now() / 1000) + Math.round(config.auth.timeout * 60 * 60),
             typ: AuthType.Game
         };